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• Longitudinal multi-omics analysis from two astronauts from Ax-1 to assess DNA methylation–based aging, predicted proteins, and immune cell composition.
• Data shows transient changes immediately post-flight, with partial or full return toward baseline by 3 months, indicating largely reversible epigenetic shifts.
• Estimated leukocyte proportions shifted significantly after flight, suggesting spaceflight-associated immune redistribution consistent with stress and microgravity effects
• DNA methylation–predicted proteins and immune signatures pointed to stress-, inflammation-, and tissue-remodeling–related pathways

• Short-duration spaceflight induced consistent structural eye changes
• Microgravity-driven fluid shifts seem to be the leading mechanism for these changes
• Both functional symptoms and structural findings occurred in one crew
• Implications for both short- and long-duration exploration missions

• Continuing lightning current can be simulated by piecewise smooth charge dependence.
• Piecewise variation in parent lightning current can explain delayed sprite inception.
• Sprites incepted by low iCMC flashes can be explained by piecewise current patterns.

• No measurable joint deterioration after short mission
• No evidence of inflammation in joints or soft tissues
• Exercise and countermeasures may have preserved joint health
• Ultrasound shows promise for spaceflight monitoring of cartilage and joint health

• Spaceflight transiently accelerates biological aging
• Changes are reversible after return to Earth
• Immune cell shifts partially explain aging signals
• Spaceflight is a model for studying aging biology

• Spaceflight alters urinary microbiota composition
• Changes are transient and reversible
• Bacterial load peaks in orbit
• Collection method does not affect results

• Spaceflight alters neutrophil populations
• Neutrophils become more activated post-flight
• Enhanced immunosuppressive function on T cells
• T-cell proliferation largely unchanged

• Need to develop effective strategies to mitigate disruptions in redox homeostatis during spaceflight affecting central nervous system
• Novel non-saccharide heparin mimetics effectively inhibit Cathepsin G (CatG), achieving high potency and selectivity
• It was found to preserve extracellular matrix without affecting coagulation
• This appears to have a promising therapeutic potential for neuro-inflammatory diseases during spaceflight

• Spaceflight broadly reshapes gene expression networks
• Altered pathways map to multiple human disease systems
• Key signaling pathways tied to spaceflight symptoms
• Suppression of cell cycle and DNA repair processes

• Novel wearable strain sensor integrated into a spacesuit
• Machine learning improves sensing and classification
• Validated from benchtop to spaceflight environment
• Accurate detection of whole-body movement from a single location

• The longest delayed sprite everrecorded was observed above athunderstorm in Indonesia on 6 February 2024
• Thunderstorm charge magnitudes andlocations are deduced from ground‐based data
• The 916 ms delay is reproduced by simulating a continuing current and current surge within a three‐dimensional quasi‐electrostatic model

• Spaceflight altered HSPC cycle, self-renewal, and immune repertoires
• Spaceflight altered HSPC telomere, mitochondrial, and cytokine regulation
• Spaceflight induced HSPC mutations, base deaminase, and retrotransposon deregulation
• These analyses revealed functional and molecular hallmarks of stem cell resilience

• Short-duration spaceflight still impairs functional performance
• Key postflight challenges include standing, walking, and turning
• Impairments are milder than after long-duration missions
• Operational risk remains for mission-critical tasks

• Spaceflight induces measurable molecular changes in blood
• Immune and inflammation-related pathways are prominently affected:
• Partial recovery occurs post-flight but some changes persist
• The study demonstrates feasibility of longitudinal multi-omics monitoring in astronauts

• First successful in-space fabrication of therapeutic nanomaterials
• Microgravity improves material quality
• Enhanced therapeutic loading capability
• Strong implications for regenerative medicine in space and on Earth

• Proposes a standardized framework for spaceflight biospecimen collection
• Specifically designed for commercial astronaut populations
• Enables multi-omics and longitudinal health monitoring
• Validates feasibility of in-flight and self-collection methods

• Microgravity induces measurable hemodynamic waveform changes
• Venous system is more affected than arterial system
• Machine learning enables detection of subtle physiological changes
• Implications for SANS and need for in-flight monitoring

• Core EEG rhythm remains stable in microgravity
• Brain network integrity appears preserved in short missions
• Feasibility of in-flight EEG monitoring demonstrated
• EEG has potential as an operational brain health tool

• First cloud seeding experiment on the International Space ������Ƶ
• Microgravity enhances particle–droplet interaction time
• Smaller particles further improve seedingefficiency
• Measurable reduction in humidity due to dropletinteraction

• First successful iPSC culture using commercial hardware in space
• Surface tension enables fluid handling in microgravity
• First demonstration of DNA transfection in space-grown stem cells
• Spontaneous 3D spheroid formation in microgravity

• Unique in-flight neuroscience dataset
• Validation of novel neuro-monitoring technologies
• Multimodal assessment of brain health
• Operational insights for future missions

• Spaceflight-associated physiological changes are multisystem and interrelated
• Fluid shifts are a central driver of multiple downstream effects
• Individual variability is a major challenge for risk prediction
• Continuous monitoring and precision countermeasures are critical

• First archaeological study conducted in space
• Systematic mapping of everyday astronaut behavior
• Microgravity reshapes spatial organization and object use
• Insights for habitat design and long-duration missions

• Optical imaging from the ISS at 60 frames per second of blue corona discharges on the top of a cumulonimbus cloud
• Blue corona discharges occur frequently on the overshooting cloud tops in confined, several km scale areas.
• The 16.66 ms resolution enables reconstruction of the sequence of blue corona discharges and lightning events.
• Blue events always precede Intracloud and Cloud-to-Ground strokes.

• First protocol for neural organoid cultures in space
• Organoids include integrated microglia for immune context
• Supports disease‑specific models in orbit
• Cryovial strategy avoids onboard fluid exchanges

• The study addresses pain—an often overlooked physiological outcome of spaceflight
• Biomarkers of systemic inflammation, tissue deterioration, and bone resorption changed after a 17‑day mission
• While most changes were similar to painful terrestrial conditions, there were a few differences
• Consistent decrease in C-reactive protein in spaceflight

• Holographic physical exams are feasible using mixed‑realitytech
• True‑to‑scale anatomical visualization improves inspection
• Modified self‑palpation enabled remote assessment
• Mixed‑reality exams have strong potential for spaceflight or remote healthcare

• Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) promotes boneand muscle cell development in microgravity
• International Space ������Ƶ experiments confirm terrestrial findings
• ACC could counteract space‑induced musculoskeletal deterioration
• Organ‑on‑a‑chip methodology enabled autonomous in‑orbit cultures

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• Spaceflight triggers musculoskeletal pain that normalizes over time
• Traditional pain questionnaires may be inadequate in space
• Sensory perception and pain regulation are altered post‑flight
• Conditioned pain modulation shows altered inhibitory processing

• Ocular rigidity decreases after spaceflight
• Choroidal thickness increases during Valsalva maneuver in space
• Valsalva‑induced ocular changes may relate to exercise
• Findings have implications for SANS understanding

• CRISPR-based genetic diagnostics was successfully used in microgravity
• Coupling Cas12a collateral activity with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) detected DNA in attomolar concentrations.
• Detection stability was maintained following deep freeze long-term storage and thus could be used for long space missions.

• Nocturnal observations of thunderstorms from the ISS require precisely timed windows in the daily astronaut schedule.
• Real-time storm location is easily corrected by astronauts from the Cupola.
• Accuracy of timestamp on the camera image is essential for post-flight analysis.
• Ground observations in conjunction with ISS overpasses are a K-12 science-education asset.